LIST OF COURSES TO BE TAKEN

200 Level

300Level

*Students shall select elective courses UP TO 4 credit units

400 Level

Course synopses

CHM 111: Introductory Chemistry I          (3 unit)

Atomic theory and Nature of atoms. Introduction to the periodic table: properties and Electronic configuration. Stoichiometry: formulae and Equations, Volumetric analysis, redox precipitation and complexation reactions.  States of matter: Gases, Liquids and solids. Gas laws. General gas equations. Chemistry of elements in group 1, 2 and 3 (Their extraction, properties of their oxides and hydrides).  Electrochemistry and The Nernst equation. Chemical kinetics: Rate of chemical reaction. Rate laws and order of reactions. Activation energy and the Arrhenius Equation.  Chemical equilibrium: Le Chatelier’s principle (Effects of Temperature, Pressure and Volume).  Introduction to solution Chemistry: Definition of terms (Concentration of a solution and units of concentration). Types of solutions. Energy involved in formation of solutions. Solubility and solubility product, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Henry’s law and its limitations). Solubility curves and applications.  Introduction to nuclear reactions: Radioactivity. Properties of radiations. Radioactive decay and the decay series (of Uranim, Thorium and Actinium). Rate of radioactive decay, half-life (with calculations). Nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear energy, mass defect and binding energy. Nuclear reactors. Application of radioactivity.

CHM 112: Introductory Chemistry Practical I (1 unit)

A selection of experimental exercises, designed to illustrate principles discussed in CHM 111 lectures which includes: making measurement, identification of cations and anions, preparation of standard solutions, stoichiometry, volumetric analysis, redox titration.

CHM 123:  Introductory Chemistry II       (3Unit)

Chemistry of Group 4, 5,6,7 , 8 and transition metals. Identification of organic compounds: General procedure for isolation and purification of organic compounds, Elemental (Qualitative) analysis. Quantitative analysis. Shapes of organic molecules: Lewis structure, Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and Hybridization. Types of organic reaction. Electrophiles and Nucleophiles. Factors affecting organic reactions.  Chemistry of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, alkyl halides and Grignard reagents, aromatic compounds). Introduction to petroleum coal tar chemistry: Origin. Importance. Fractional distillation of crude oil. Octane rating, Cracking and reforming.  Alcohols and phenols: (syntheses, application and test).   Ketones and aldehydes. Carboxylic acid and derivatives.  Amines. Fats and oils Saponification. Chemistry of soaps and detergents. Application of fats and oil in paints and vanishes. Protein: Definition, importance, classification, special properties and reactions. Structures. isoelectric points, Test. Chemistry of Carbohydrates: Definition, importance, classification, special properties and reactions. Structures Polymers  (natural and Synthetic).

CHM 124: Introductory Chemistry Practical II  (1 unit)

A selection of experimental exercises, designed to illustrate principles discussed in CHM 123 lectures which includes: separation techniques (recrystallization, filtration), melting point determination, elemental analysis (Lassaignes sodium fusion test), functional group identification, synthesis of aspirin, preparation of soap.

200 LEVEL

ELECTIVES

In addition to the core courses above, year two students are expected to pick electives amounting to 3 units, each semester.

First semester electives

PHY 212: Modern Physics (3 unit)

BCH 211: General Biochemistry (3 unit)

Second semester electives

BIO 222: Introduction to Biostatistics (3 unit)

MTH 223: Applied Statistical methods (3 unit)

COURSES OF 200 LEVEL COURSES

First Semester

CHM 211:Basic Physical Chemistry           (3 Unit)

Kinetic theory of gases; Behaviour of real gases; the law of thermodynamics; Entropy and free energy; The concept of Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy in chemical reactions (with calculations based on simple models). Reactions and Phase equilibria; photochemical reactions and catalysis; Basic electrochemistry;Osmosis, acids, bases and buffers. Biochemical relevance of pH;Electron transport and respiratory chain

CHM 212 Inorganic Chemistry       (3 unit)

Molecular orbital theory of simple molecules including homonuclear and heteronuclear molecules. Comparative group relations of the elements in the Periodic table: Chemistry of Group IV, VA (nitrogen group), noble gases and 1st row transition metals with emphasis on the comparative study of the chemistry of Sc, Ti, V, Mn and Fe (their occurrences, oxidation states, oxides, halides, hydrides uses and applications) ;Concepts of hard and soft acids and bases; Chemistry in aqueous and non-aqueous media; Ionic model and structures of solids.

CHM 215: Experimental Chemistry I (2 unit)

Qualitative Inorganic preparations and analyses; separation techniques; Redox titrations; Acids and Bases- Titration of monobasic acids and monobasic bases using indicators and pH meters. Buffers; determination of rate constant.

Second Semester

CHM 221: Introductory Analytical Chemistry (2 unit)

Measurements, precision and accuracy. Significant figures. Errors in quantitative measurements; Statistical analysis in analytical chemistry (mean, variance, standard deviation, degree of confidence (t-test and f-test); Introduction to Titrimetric analysis: Acid-base titration, Redox titration, potentiometric titration, complexometric titration, and precipitation titration; Systematic treatment of  equilibria: Acid-base equilibrium

CHM 222: Basic Organic Chemistry           (3 unit)

Properties of organic molecules. Dipole moment, polarization, polar protic solvents, polar aprotic solvents and their mechanism of solvation. Lewis structures, canonical structures and formal charges. Factors affecting organic reactions. Acid- base reactions (conjugate acids and acids), Structural effects on acidity. Isomerism: structural and stereoisomer,  Geomeotrical and optical isomerism. E/Z configuration; Cahn-Ingoldprelog rule; etermination of absolute configuration. Alkenes: Properties, synthesis and reactions. Dienes, carbenes; Alkynes Properties, synthesis and reactions. Terminal and non terminal alkynes; Alkyl halides: Properties, synthesis and reactions. Substitution (SN₁, SN₂) and elimination (E1, E2) reactions. Alcohols and phenols; Electrophilic aromatic substitution and mechanism: Nitration, sulphonation, friedel craft alkylation and acylation. Chemistry of carbonyl compounds: aldehyde, ketones, preparation, aldol-related reactions; cannizaro reactions, carboxylic acid and derivatives; Amines: synthesis and reactions. Hoffmann elimination; Sugars and Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Nucleic Acids; Terpenes and Steroids

CHM 223: Structure and Bonding: (2 Unit)

 Idea of quantum states, orbitals, shape; and energy. Simple valence theory, electronrepulsion theory, atomic spectra. Methods of determining molecular shape, bound lengths and angles. The structure and chemistry of some representative main group element compounds

CHM 227: Experimental Chemistry II (2 Unit)

Organic preparations; Functional group tests; Purification techniques. Acid-base titrations of polybasic acids and amino acids. Preparation and test of buffers.

ENT 211: INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENURIAL STUDIES I

The course introduces students to the definitions, functions, types and characteristics ofentrepreneurship. This course further examines entrepreneurship and ethics, entrepreneurship theories and practice; new venture creation; forms of business, business opportunities, starting a new business, innovation, legal issues in business, insurance and environmental considerations, possible business opportunities in Nigeria and introduction to biographies of successful entrepreneurs etc.

COURSE SYNOPSES

CHM 311: Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry (3 Units)

Separation methods: Solvent extraction, Chromatography especially ion exchange, gas, paper, liquid and column electrophoresis. Hyphenated techniques: GC-MS, LC-MS, ICP-MS.  Electroanalytical techniques; Atomic and molecular emission and absorption spectrophotometry and flame techniques;  Quantitative laws and absorption of radiation. Deviations from Beer-Lambert’s law and the use of UV radiation in qualitative work.

CHM 313: Quantum Chemistry  (2 Units)

An introduction to the methods of quantum mechanics and their applications to the study of atomic structures. Wave mechanics and application of boundary conditions;  Bohr’s theory of atomic spectra and its limitations. The uncertainty principle: Schroedinger equation (for H and He atoms, hydrogen molecular ion and hydrogen molecule) and application in the interpretation of spectra. Term symbols: Introductory molecular orbital theories for chemical bonding. Macroscopic properties in terms of the microscopic. Theory of atomic spectra. Self-consistent Field theory. Computational aspects. Pertubation and variation methods.

CHM 314: Advanced Physical Chemistry(3 Units)

A review of Gibbs Function. Chemical thermodynamics. Introduction to statistical thermodynamics. Ideal solutions. Non-Ideal solutions. Properties of electrolytes. Colligative Properties.

CHM 315: Application of Spectroscopic Techniques (3 Units)

Methods used in elucidation of organic structures, inorganic and organometallic structures. Principles and applications of Infra-red spectroscopy, Ultra-violent spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy in structure elucidation.

CHM 316: Experimental Physical Chemistry (2 Units)

A selection of experimental exercises, designed to illustrate principles discussed in CHM 315 lectures, to provide practice in making measurement and analysing data; and to inculcate critical approach to laboratory work. Topics covered include: equilibria, colligative properties, surface phenomena, thermodynamics principles, gas and liquid-phase kinetics,

electrochemistry

CHM 317: Structural and Main Group Inorganic Chemistry (3 Units)

Structures of metals, ionic crystals of types AB, AB₂,  AB_3­, A₂; introduction to diffraction methods: X-rays, neutron and electron diffraction. Lattices and crystal defects. Structures of covalent and complex ions of main group elements. Chemistry of  Noble gases. Hydrogen. Electronic structure and general properties and comparative study of Group IA and group IIA elements. Chemistry of Boron; Carbon and Silicon; Nitrogen and Phosphorus; Oxygen and Sulphur. The Halogens. Transition elements. Separation of metals. Co-ordination Chemistry. Ligand and Crystal field theories. Introduction to Radiochemistry. Radioactivity and the periodic table.

CHM 318: PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY

Petroleum in the contemporary energy scene. Nature, classification and composition of crude petroleum and natural gases. Distribution of petroleum and natural gases 61 resources (the global and Nigerian situations). Petroleum technology Survey of refinery products and process. Petrochemicals in industrial raw materials. Prospects for the petrochemical industry in Nigeria. Prospects for the petrochemical Industries in Nigeria & LNG.

CHM 321: Chemical   and Statistical Thermodynamics (2 Units)

Review of The first, second and third laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic priniciples are considered in relation to chemical potential, inter-relationships of the thermodynamic functions,; phase equilibria; gaseous and liquid mixtures; colligative properties of solutions, chemical equilibria; electrolye solutions; thermodynamics of surfaces. Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics; calculation of thermodynamic properties; partition functions; heat capacities; entropy; equilibrium constants; use of spectroscopic data transition state theory; quantum effects.

CHM 322: Bicyclic compounds and Heterocyclic Chemistry    (2 Units )

Polycyclic aromatic compounds such as naphathalenes, phenanthrene and anthracene. Aromatic heterocycles such as pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrone, indole, quinolone and bezopyrone systems. cyclic and bicyclic chemistry.

CHM 323: Natural And SyntheticMacromolecules(2 Units)

Carbohydrates: glucose, starch-cellulose structure, Lignin structure, products of degradation. Amino acids and proteins: determination of protein structures, primary structures, secondary and tertiary structures. Peptide and protein synthesis. Nucleic acids:  classification, structure and functions, DNA and RNA.compounds and important naturally occurring derivatives like steroids and terpenes. Monoterpenes, diterpenoids, triterpenes. Carotenoids. Application of carotenes. Chemistry of terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids, antibiotics, flavonoids. Prostaglandins and chlorophylls.

CHM 325: Experimental Organic Chemistry (2 Units)

Single and multi- stage synthesis, separation and purification techniques, identification of organic compounds with the aid of spectra in conjunction with chemical tests

CHM 326: Colour Chemistry and Technology (2 Units)

Colour and constitution. Chemistry, properties of dyes and pigments. Classification of dyes and fibres. Dyeing mechanisms. Preparation and dyeing of natural and synthetic fibres. Colour fastness properties. Quality control procedures and the colouration industry. Paints, Inks-classification, Preparation and uses.

CHM 327 Polymer Chemistry 1: (1 Units)

 The nature of Polymer nomenclature. Outline of sources of raw materials for polymers; Polymerisation process, condensation polymerisation in details. Solubility and solution properties of polymers. Structure and properties of polymers. Fibre forming polymers.

CHM 328: Industrial Raw Materials Resource Inventory (1 unit)

Survey of Nigeria's industries and their raw material requirements. Mineral chemistry. Fossils and their uses. Plant and animal products. Nuclear, Solar and hydrodynamic sources of energy. Potentials and applications of locally available raw materials as industrial feedstocks.

CHM 329: Environmental Chemistry: (2 Units)

 Concepts of elementary cycles. Characteristics of the atmosphere. Sources, types and effects of environmental pollution. Waste water treatment. Composition of domestic/industrial wastes and waste management. Water chemistry and analysis. Chemical and Physical instrumentation in environmental Sciences. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment.

ENT 311: ENTREPRENUERIAL SKILLS I

The course focuses the attention of the students to the practical aspects of entrepreneurship by venturing into the following categories: Agriculture/Agro Allied (fish farming, crop production, animal husbandry such as poultry, piggery, goat etc,  groundnut oil making, horticulture (vegetable garden, flower garden), poultry), Services (bakery, radio/TV repairs, barbing/ hair dressing salon, car wash, catering, courier, event planning, fashion design, vehicle maintenance, film production, interior decoration, laundry, music production, phone call centre, rental, restaurant, tailoring/ knitting, viewing centre), Manufacturing (carving, weaving, sanitary wares, furniture making, shoe making, plastic making, table making, bead making, bag making, sachet water production, cosmetics, detergents), Commerce (buying and selling, purchasing and supply, bookkeeping, import and export etc), Information & Communication Technology (ICT) (business centre, computer maintenance, handsets repairs, internet cafe etc), Mining/Extraction (kaolin, coal mining, metal craft such as blacksmith, tinsmith etc, vegetable oil/and salt extractions etc), Environment (fumigation, household cleaning waste disposal etc), Tourism (car hire, craft work, hotel/catering, recreation centre), Power (generator mechanic, refrigeration/air conditioning, electricity wiring etc), Production/Processing (glassware production/ceramic, metal working/fabrication, steel and aluminium door and windows, paper production water treatment/conditioning/packaging, brick laying, bakery, iron welding, building drawing, tailoring, carpentry, leather tanning, printing, food processing/packaging/preservation). Students are to select two of the following areas of interest for practical. Topics should also include Products/Service Exhibition and Quality Control, Business Ownership Structures, Mentorship.

ENT 321: ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS II

The course is a continuation of ENT 311. It focuses the attention of the students on creativity, feasibility study, legal framework, governmental policies, business negotiation, etc.  Students should select two areas of interest for practical and exhibition. At the end of the semester students will undertake excursion and internship and produce report.

400 LEVEL

400 LEVEL COURSE SYNOPSES

CHM 411 Applied Analytical Chemistry (2 Units)

Analysis of materials – water, air, soils, food, drugs, etc. Sampling and Sample Pre-treatment; Statistical analysis in chemical processes, analytical data management.

CHM 412 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (2 Unit)

Synthesis, properties and characterization of coordination compounds. Isomerism and stability of coordination compounds, coordination no. and stereochemistry. Theories of bonding. Magnetic and electronic spectral properties of transition metal complexes. Introduction to chemistry of rare-earth elements. Materials science and its applications.

CHM 413 Fundamentals of Physical Organic Chemistry (3 Unit)      

Experimental methods for investigation reaction mechanisms; acid-base reaction; chemical kinetics and isotope effects structure-reactivity relationships; aromaticity; hyper conjugation and automatism; classes and mechanisms of organic reactions, viz: - addition, substitution, elimination, rearrangements, reduction and oxidation, etc., medium effects on organic reactions; stereochemistry and conformational analysis.

CHM 414 Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry (2   Unit)

Natural radiations, nuclear stability, nuclear fusion and fission, decay processes, nature of radiation. Nuclear models, energetics of nuclear reaction.  Principles and measurement of radioactivity. Applications of radioactivity. Radiation hazards. Nuclear Waste Management, Dosimetry and Tracers.

CHM 415 Organometallic Chemistry (3 Unit)

Introduction to Organometallic compounds of the transition elements. Classification of ligands electron rule, bonding, preparation of organic transition  metal compounds. Reaction and structures of Organometallic compounds of transition elements. The organic chemistry of Ferrocene and related compounds. The role of organometallic compounds in some catalytic reaction.   The elements and the position of the two series in the periodic table. Comparison of the two series. Lanthanides contractions; The electronic configuration and their sequences on oxidation states, size relationship, magnetic properties and colour; Chemical properties and structure of the elements and their compounds; Recovery and separation of the elements; Uses of Lanthanides and Actinides.

CHM 421 Molecular Spectroscopy (2 Unit)

Application of quantum theory to the interpretation of absorption and emission spectra in terms of molecular properties. Theory of electronic absorption and emission (fluorescence and phosphorescence), spectral intensities, energies, and polarization of transitions. Theory of vibrational and rotational spectra- IR, Raman. Theory of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, hyperfine splitting and gfactor. Simple magnetic spectra.

CHM 422 Co-Ordination Chemistry (2 Unit)

Definition, Recognition and Applications of Co-ordination compounds. Nomenclature, Co-ordination formula and Isomerism in complexes. Stereochemistry of complex molecules; Theories of structure and bonding. Physical methods of structural investigation. Magnetic properties. Absorption and Vibrational spectra. The spectrochemical series. The Nephelauxetic series and the John-Teller distortions. Stabilisation of unusual oxidation states by complex formation. Thermodynamic stability of complex compounds, the stability constant, the chelate effect. Preparation and reactions of complexes. Kinetics and Mechanisms.  

CHM 423 Photochemistry, Heterocyclic chemistry and Pericyclic Reactions: (2 Unit)

Interaction of radiation with matter, electronic excitation, selection rules, deactivation routes, sensitisation, quenching, photofragmentation, oxidation, reduction, rearrangement, pericyclic reactions and molecular orbital symmetry. The Synthetic and mechanistic aspects of fused heterocyclic system -particularly Quinolines, Iso-quinolines, Benzofurans, Benzothiophenes, Indoles, Genzopyrylium salts, Coumarius and Chromones. Application of heterocyclic systems in drug synthesis 

CHM 424 Organic reactions and synthesis (3 unit)

Critical review of important reaction, reagents, methods including the mechanisms. Applications for synthesis of important and complex organic compounds. Organic syntheses of three or more complex natural products. Organometallic chemistry (1H, 13C, 1-D and 2-D), MS, IR and UV spectroscopy

CHM 499: Final Year Research Project (6 unit)

Experimental investigation of a chemical research project: Research projects in various aspects of chemistry are given by academic staff to students and students are allowed to choose projects in the areas of their interests.

CHM 481: Final Year Seminar

Students are to report on assigned or chosen topics of current interest in chemistry. Assessments are to be based on written reports and oral presentations

FINAL YEAR ELECTIVES

First Semester Electives

CHM 431: Colloid and Surface Chemistry (2 Units)

Lyophobic/Hydrophilic and lyophilic/hydrophobic colloids. Micelles. Polydispensity, size, shape and behaviour of the various colloidal dispersion, colloidal electrolytes, polyelectrolytes, surface active agents, adsorption on solid surface. Equilibrium properties of the electrochemical diffuse plane double layers. Charge transfer, electrocatalysis, and electrochemical energy conversion. Determination of surface area and porosity

CH M 432: X-ray Crystallography (2 Units)

The crystalline state. Principles and uses of x-ray diffraction from simple crystals, powders and polycrystalline materials. Diffraction patterns and structure determination. Brief discussion of electron microscopy of polymers, industrial application of X-ray fluorescence and neutron diffraction

CHE 433: Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Chemical Bonding (2 Units)

Quantum mechanical description of M.O. wave functions and energies of homo- and heteronuclear diatomic molecules. Molecular Hamiltonian, exact solution for linear combination of atomic orbital method, valence bond theory, comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theory. Correlation diagrams, ground and excited states potential energy diagrams of diatomic molecules. Hybridization and stereochemical relations in simple polyatomic molecules. M.O. theories of unsaturated polyatomic (up to four atoms) molecules.

CHE 434 Spectroscopy and Organic Structure Determination (2 Units)

Modern and advanced methods of elucidation of the structures of organic compounds, including NMR Synthetic Methods in Organic Chemistry

CHM 436: Industrial Chemical Processes (2 Units)

Production of primary intermediates and synthesis of industrial organic chemicals; Polymers, adhesives, dyes, explosives, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, flavouring agents and pharmaceutical. Fermentation process. Chemical processing of minerals. Metallurgy and hydrometallurgical processes. Industrial electrochemistry. Manufacture of some heavy inorganic chemicals. Cement and binding materials. Inorganic fertilizers.

498 Basic Industrial training

CHM 437: Advanced Chemical Kinetics (3 Units)

Review of second and third order rate equations. Photochemical and electrochemical reactions. Complex reaction systems, concurrent, conservative and chain reactions. Theoretical interpretation of reaction rates and application of Vant’s Hoff equation for chemical equilibria. Chemical relaxation times, amplitudes and enthalpies. Temperature jump spectrophotometry, stop flow and flash Temperature jump spectrophotometry, stop flow and flash photolysis. Catalysis and heterogeneous reactions. Theories of chain reactions, combustion, explosion, and fast reactions in solution and gas phase.

Second Semester Electives

CHM 441: Advanced Electrochemistry: (2 Units)

Electrical double layer, potential at zero charge, polarizable and non-polarizable interface, mass transport, concentration polarization, Fick's Laws, Levic equation. Electrodics. Polarography. Properties of metals –solution interphase. Corrosion – types and prevention.

CHM 442: Statistical Thermodynamics: (2 Units)

Probability and distribution functions; Einstein and Debye slids; Microstates and randomness; ensembles; the Boltzmann distribution; statistical thermodynamics of gases;; the calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium constant from partition function; statistical thermodynamics of monatomic solids; introduction to Fermi-Dirac and Dose-Einstein statistics; Partition functions, thermodynamic data tables; the calculations of thermodynamics of monatomic solids,

CHM 443: Group Theory and Symmetry: (2 Units)

Molecular symmetry operations. Definition of groups. selection rules and electric spectra, Molecular symmetry groups. Introduction to the mathematical structure of groups. Group representations. Detailed study of groups Cn, Dn, Coov and full rotation group.  Applications. General symmetry applications. Symmetry of crystal lattices, Block orbitals for infinite system, Woodward-Hoffman rules.

CHM 444: Natural Products Chemistry (2 Units)

Chemistry of terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids, antibiotics, flavonoids. Prostaglandins and chlorophylls. Other natural products of pharmaceutical Importance. General methods of Isolation, separation, purification and structural determination of the natural products. Classifications. Discussion of chemistry of important members; Biogeneses.  

ENT 411: ENTREPRENUERSHIP DEVELOPMENT I

This course further exposes the students to the entrepreneurial process of writing feasibility studies and business plans.  The students are required to form cooperative societies in order to collaboratively generate business ideas and funds. Topics should include models of wealth creation, sustainability strategies, financial/ investment intelligence and international business.  Students are to select one area of interest for practical and exhibition. The programme involves Recognition, Reward and Awards (RRAs) and Mentorship.

ENT 421: ENTREPRENEUSHIP DEVELOPMENT II

This course, which is a continuation of ENT 411, further exposes the students to the entrepreneurial process of strategic management.  Topics include business financing, venture capital, managing business growth, negotiation, time and self-management, leadership, ICT and succession plan, defence of feasibility study and business plans.

Entry Requirements

The entry requirements for B.Sc. (Hons.) Chemistry programme shall be at least credit level passes in five subjects including English Language, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics and any other relevant science subject at the Senior Secondary School Certificate or its equivalent. In addition, an acceptable pass in the University Matriculation Examination (UME) into 100-level is required. The expected duration for UTME candidates shall be 4 years. 

For Direct Entry (DE) applicants, Expected duration for B.Sc. Chemistry programme shall be three years. Candidates must have A level or its equivalent in Chemistry and any other Science subjects at the Advanced Level. This must be in addition to SSCE credit level passes in English Language, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics and any other relevant science subject.